turning women into leaders :: essays research papers

The evident under-representation of women in physical science has broad implications, particularly for industries and government agencies that need technically educated staff. sort of simply, the global scientific workforce is failing to use a larger fraction of its talent pool. The shortage of female physicists in academia exacerbates the situation, in that female students lack piece models in the field. Of course, the nature and magnitude of the line varies from country to country. But what is remarkably consistent is that the percentage of women in natural philosophy in all countries decreases markedly with each step up the academic ladder and with each level of promotion in industrial and field laboratories. The result is a dearth of women among physicists in leadership positions worldwide. Women are similarly poorly represented among physicists in decision-making roles in top research institutes, documentation agencies, professional societies and government. Yet women who do reach these top positions seem to take as much respect as their male peers - and sometimes hitherto more than. So how has this situation arisen? In her book Why So faint? The Advancement of Women (1998 MIT Press), the psychologist Virginia Valian discusses the roles of what she calls " sexual urge schemas" and "the accumulation of advantage and disadvantage". As she writes "A set of implicit, or nonconscious, hypotheses about sex differences plays a central role in shaping men and womens professional lives. These hypotheses, which I call gender schemas, affect our expectations of men and women, our military ratings of their work, and their performance as professionals." Valian argues that small differences in the evaluation and treatment of men and women hold up the glass ceiling. "A efficacious concept in sociology is the accumulation of advantage and disadvantage. It suggests that, like interest on capital, advantages accrue, and that, like interest on debt, disadvantages also accumulate. Very small differences in treatment can, as they pile up, result in large disparities in salary, promotion and prestige." It may sound like a tautology, but the authority to encourage women in physics is to have more women. More women representation more female peers, more female role models, more mentors and more networks. In my own career of more than 40 years in academia and government, I have observed that the greater the number of women in a department or laboratory, the better they tend to fare - because, as Valian points out, "they are less likely to be perceived in ground of their gender and more in terms of their qualifications".