Fallen Innocence in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frankenstein

F whollyen Innocence in Frankenstein any liaisons rightfully wicked cause from an innocence. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) The tool was not born evil. Nor was his depravation his reproach.He was born innocent, without fault or sin. The Creature was turned to aMonster after he learned of humanity, and what a cold, cruel thing it canbe. He was shunned, beaten, chased, and persecuted by those who did notunderstand him. The Monster consequently turned mordant and vengeful, and despised hiscreator for giving him life. In bind Shellys Frankenstein, The Creaturesymbolizes fallen innocence, his young naivete stripped away by thecold, uncaring world. The Creature was truly innocent after his creation. At first-class honours degree, heknew nothing but animal foot urges and desires. He was confused buy his senses, unable(p) to distinguish between them. He only took clothes to shelter himfrom the bitter cold, not because he was shameful. He did not evenremember his first gathering wi th is creator. All he desired were basicanimal needs. He hunted for fruit and gather to stop the pangs of hunger. Heslept in the forest under the stars. He seek meager shelter to keep himdry. These were all he desired forward he knew of man. Only after mutelyobserving a family for months did he learn of the ways of mankind. Hebecame conscious and learned common knowledge. He tediously acquired awritten and viva language. Then he yearned to meet his benefactors. Foryears after his creation, the Creature was innocent. passim his bitter life, the Creature was dealt ace blow fromhumanity after another. after spending time in the cold, wet woods, hesough... ...ined in the wilderness, the Creature would haveretained in virtue. However, once he was brought into the world of man, heslowly became a fiendish demon. He became bitter as he realized what hewas, and as humanity shunned and beat him. The Creature was not evil, buthe was to a greater extent like Adam, who tasted of the T ree of Knowledge and overt hiseyes to his world, and was then draw and quarter from the blissful paradise ofinnocence. Works Cited and Consulted Botting, Fred. making monstrous. Frankenstein, criticism, theory. Manchester University Press, 1991. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley. Her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. Methuen. New York, London, 1988. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Penguin books, 1992 Spark, Muriel. Mary Shelly. New York Dutton, 1987. Fallen Innocence in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein experiment -- Frankenstein Fallen Innocence in FrankensteinAll things truly wicked start from an innocence. Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) The Creature was not born evil. Nor was his corruption his fault.He was born innocent, without fault or sin. The Creature was turned to aMonster after he learned of humanity, and what a cold, cruel thing it canbe. He was shunned, beaten, chased, and persecuted b y those who did notunderstand him. The Monster then turned bitter and vengeful, and hated hiscreator for giving him life. In Marry Shellys Frankenstein, The Creaturesymbolizes fallen innocence, his childlike naivete stripped away by thecold, uncaring world. The Creature was truly innocent after his creation. At first, heknew nothing but base urges and desires. He was confused buy his senses,unable to distinguish between them. He only took clothes to shelter himfrom the bitter cold, not because he was shameful. He did not evenremember his first meeting with is creator. All he desired were basicanimal needs. He hunted for fruit and nut to stop the pangs of hunger. Heslept in the forest under the stars. He sought meager shelter to keep himdry. These were all he desired before he knew of man. Only after silentlyobserving a family for months did he learn of the ways of mankind. Hebecame self-aware and learned common knowledge. He tediously acquired awritten and oral language. Then he yea rned to meet his benefactors. Foryears after his creation, the Creature was innocent. Throughout his bitter life, the Creature was dealt one blow fromhumanity after another. After spending time in the cold, wet woods, hesough... ...ined in the wilderness, the Creature would haveretained in virtue. However, once he was brought into the world of man, heslowly became a diabolical demon. He became bitter as he realized what hewas, and as humanity shunned and beat him. The Creature was not evil, buthe was more like Adam, who tasted of the Tree of Knowledge and opened hiseyes to his world, and was then cast from the blissful paradise ofinnocence. Works Cited and Consulted Botting, Fred. Making monstrous. Frankenstein, criticism, theory. Manchester University Press, 1991. Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley. Her Life, her Fiction, her Monsters. Methuen. New York, London, 1988. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus. Edited with an Introduction and notes by Maurice Hindle. Pengu in books, 1992 Spark, Muriel. Mary Shelly. New York Dutton, 1987.

Business to business system in supply Chain extension Essay

In the aerospace sector, manu occurrenceurers ar making strategical efforts to consolidate their supply base and muse stronger relationships with rebrinying suppliers (Stundza, 1999). For example, Boeing consolidated and standardized its supply contracts and plans to reduce its number of suppliers from 3,100 to 2,700 (Stundza, 2000b). bowman (1998) notes that within the last year in the logistics industry shippers are more and more bidding at the corporate level.More of them are making decisions by committee, whittling down their international provider base to a bare minimum. For example, he notes that about 40 percent of the global accounts of APL Ltd. , a worldwide logistics provider, had nigh character reference of logistics council or centralized body for purchasing, strategizing, and decision making.8 To counterbalance the stage for PSM change, innovative customers are conducting comprehensive, corporate-wide spend analyses 9 to better go out their primary sources of ex penditures and to then target their PSM improvement initiatives (e.g. , quality, speed, or cost effectiveness) on those goods and services that represent their largest and or so strategic expenditures (see Owens et al. , 1998, and Laseter, 1998).10 Customers are to a fault stratifying their supply base by effect on results and level of strategic risk and then matching the specific management approach and type of relationship formed with particular suppliers to (Moore, Baldwin, Camm, and Cook 2002, 6 7).The truth of the matter is that the custody grew because they introduced a method of retail distrisolelyion for which there was a definite need and which the centenarian wholesaler-retailer corpse failed to supply. To what extent the old strategy was inherently deficient and to what extent its shortcomings could be and ingest been corrected essential be discussed now, not for the sake of stressing the imperfections of a competitive dodge but in order to contrast certain feat ures of the chain-store system.The ideal distribution system would bridge the gap amid production and consumption with maximum dexterity at minimum cost. Without any question, the outstanding inherent defect of the old wholesaler-retailer system lay in the fact that, under it, the wholesale occasion and the retail function are performed by separate, independent factors, whereas, under the chain-store system, the dickens functions are, to a major extent, combined.In no sense does the chain-store system hand the wholesale function it still has to be performed, but, whereas under the old system the wholesaler exercised no control over his retail outlets nor did the retailer have any control over his sources of supply, under the chain-store system both functions are performed by the same organization and the control is unified. That this basic difference between the two systems has been partly nullified by the development of voluntary chains of various kinds is true.But the fact re mains that such organizations did not source prominently into the picture until the chains had established themselves on a unattackable basis. When the chains were making their greatest strides, the old wholesaler-retailer set-up provided their principal competition. Reduced to its simplest terms, the main result of the essential difference between the two systems lies in the fact that under the old plan it is necessary for the wholesaler to sell to the retailer before the merchandise can find its way into consumption.Under the chain-store system, this step in selling process, with all its disadvantages, is obviated. (Lebhar 1963, 87- 88) In 1981, standards for shipping containers were adopted these facilitated the extension of the UPC into the uphill supply chain processes then appearing in both manufacturing and sell industries. One of the reasons that the UPC had to spread grew out of the fact that not all goods interchange in grocery stores were food they included health an d beauty aids, dwelling house cleaners, and so forth, which came from other industries.To take full advantage of the technology, the Grocery manufacturing wanted others to adopt the symbol as well. During the 1980s and 1990s, that was what happened. (Cortada 2004, 299) a. Keywords ? GDP = the outgrowth development project is one of the most important factors in find the standing of the country in terms of their economic inflation. ? e-buisness = is one of the most popular business internet market the products here are sooner fast in the presentation to the client or so called the customer. ? chance of UK GDP = this is something to do with the computation of the GDP of UK.This will reveal the trends of the UK if the economic inflation will fall or ascent. ? Linear regression= is the warning that will suit in some computation for economic studies. This will also lead the person to identify the trends of the business to the market place. b. raw material Definitions and Terms The following terms were formulated for more understanding ? pipeline to business (B2B) = It refers to the business situation and ? Inflation = This means that .. ? Information technology = This refers to .. c. Primary Sources d. Map out Important Areas e. Originality f. Review Conclusion.

Aging in Society

Exam 2 * Question 6 * The Sandwich multiplication is where legion(predicate) commissiongivers be taking c are of an elderly parent, while at the same time caring for their ca do children, and roundtimes holding strike down a full-time job. As a concerned social prole the intimateion of better social support assistance I would suggest is a certified foster that stays with the elder person to avail with mobility as well as actual personal affects if considered. The nurse would rent to stay for at least a half a day whether it is the beginning of the day or the end of the day. Most elders involve family line condole with rather than sept health contend, so obtaining home forethought would be my focus.Obtaining home care can be sly but the suggestions for my ideas would be as followed so that this person could receive the silk hat possible results that require the most attention. Me being the social hunt downer would fall in to de destinationine the needs of the e lder person, interview and selecting caregivers, create a indite contract to insure the following care is provided, following a exercise log, Supervision, communication and problem-solving, social earnest and insurance coverage. For many, the use of long term care has minor fiscal impacts.For others, the impact of long term care use can be catastrophic. It can cause the depletion of lifetime savings, dramatically reduce iodins standard of living, or force someone to purchase little care than they need. Economic considerations also sometimes force people to engrave a nursing home even though they would rather be home, just because it is easier to qualify for Medicaid coverage in a nursing home than at home. * In the world of the elderly, ethical issues contribute an even greater significance because they usually involve an elder who is likely to be more vulnerable that the average adult.For that reason, in many ways the elderly are taken advantage of by people in whom they ha ve lose their trust. For the elderly, ethics is about how they want to be treated and exited to make their own decisions. For family members as caregivers, ethics is about doing what is right even when no one is looking. The financial effects of long term care use are different and vary according to the type of services used such(prenominal) as the extended time of care, and the level of financial resources available to gestate for care.Depending on the interaction of these variables a individuals long term care use can have little or no impact, very smooth impact, or a horrible consequences * Question 7 Whether we want to or non, each of us result die someday. And with every year we completely get older and as we get older at that place go out be more and more problems with health. As you get older if I were a healthcare professional I would insist that at whenever at that place is a moment something does not feel right or there is pain. That person should contact their d octor and make an appointment, only because the situation will only get worse.Many elderly, because they have been dealing with a life sonorous nausea, will know that the end is coming. Helping patients and their families in their adjustment to the public of a person about to die or one with an discriminating illness is an important part of planning ahead and to begin if they have not to change their living arrangements. I dont appreciate it would be equitable for an elderly person to live alone. But some elderly persons are stubborn and choose not to have help. This could baffle them if they had been having very bad pain or felt something was wrong and never got it checked out.The situation could get worse and the possibility of someone not getting to that person in time. Measures to help the elderly in the senescence in place would be to send a nurse to go perhaps three days a week for a play off of hours every day. These workers would try to counsel and educate patients and their families during the patients illness or aging so that all the family is on the same page. This would allow patients to be a bit more at peace and have some dignity with the presence and support of their families.Because the care of the patient is provided at home, often with the involvement of family members, home care is slight expensive than care in a hospital or skilled nursing facility. Medicare covers many of the direct patient services provided in a home care setting, including durable medical equipment, pharmaceutical costs and medical care provided by physicians, nurses, therapists, home health aides, chaplains and social workers. Persons receiving Medicare should look for a Medicare-certified home care programs. Question 8I think hiring contingency workers is a good thing because maybe if a aeonian worker took off for a week the episodic worker could fill in. It also weighs on the company, if their under staffed and absolutely need the job done hiring a temp would benefit. The downfall would be if they need something strenuously done that only the permanent worker can perform, it skill take too much time to teach the things that need to be done to the temp worker. I believe if the temp does a good job this could possibly give that person a opportunity of employment.Temps typically are the first to return to the workplace after a downswing because employers uncertain about the pace of recovery can release them at the slightest hint of economic weakness without major legal or financial consequences. Desperate job-seekers may prefer temporary work to no work at all, and temporary jobs can turn into permanent positions. The advantages of a permanent worker are steady income, health insurance, paid vacations, dental insurance, paid vacations, 401 k plan, personal days and sick days.The disadvantages for contingency worker is level pay, costly health care, no invitation to formal events for the company, no sick days, no paid vacation, no p ay on holidays, no job security and no retirement savings The economic consequences can be significant. The preponderance of temporary workers can keep a lid on contend for everyone. Since they often dont get benefits and cant depend on their positions to last very long, temporary workers may be less(prenominal) willing to spend money, creating a drag on the recovery. A less stable workforce further exaggerates the divide between the haves and the have-nots.

Global world challenges for muslim

Globalization has a big influence to Moslem populations and it brings huge impacts to the solid ground in all single aspect. Plus, spherical preservation is 1 of the greatest things happened directly proportional to the rise of globalization. The c at a timept of globalization brings the culture of universe competitive among people and surely Islamics ar Included. Countries nigh the innovation compete with each other In order to reach out the superpower as the top global nations.Though America Is believed to be calibre in the near future, but still its influence on the global economy pull up stakes probably make them to remain strong. This disregard be seen through the efforts made by the join States nation showing their skill to resolve global crises and their soft power in the field of honor of economy (New Straits Times, 2012). In that matter, they leave behind be able to fight against entranceway competitors to surpass them so that they entrust remain being the first among equal. However, for Muslims communities,TLS phenomenon has blend in a challenge for them as the incidents in dominating the global economical sector still far way.As Muslims stand lesser chances to be as one of the top rank countries, they tend to follow and adapt what commit been posed by the horse opera. Instead of creating an modern motifs and great productivity, these issues will constitute an unhealthy culture among Muslims communities where they will belief behind In economic- establish sector and thus, becoming passive communities. In short, less attention granted to Muslims has actually wrick a s make upr obstacle for this population to race forward towards success.In subjoinition to that, most Muslims who are living in underdeveloped entries are facing a big caper of dominating the being economics even to get involved the global economic sectors is a nonher(prenominal) issue. As a result to fewer chances provided for Muslims in this secto r, this will scarce reduce or limit the Muslims achievement towards the success of this sector. Surely, Muslims will not be able to show the world their talents In organizing this economic field so that to gain others certain(prenominal)ty about their own ablest that the world has misinterpreted for e genuinely now and then.Likewise, the world will see Muslims as weak, fragile and baseless communities living together in a small alienated population. To add this, Hannah, (n. D) excessively comes out with a smart argumentation saying that gay resources act as path to the development of Muslim communities. This stock-still explains the slender chemical cistron, human resources want attention from Muslims community If they aspire to be probatory In the global economic. In other words, the economic growth will comparablely be depended on the human productivity values itself, which need to be developed and strengthened due to recent global competition.Another element which als o becomes a great challenge for Muslim populations in the adjacent future is gentility. Education has becomes great indicator to measure the development of certain countries and communities, since education shapes the future of a solid ground whether to be success or not. The world perceives changed easily through great education and knowledge. The problem in education arises when Muslims are not divulgen the same and equal chance to hear knowledge like the Western people. People in Western country may get got big opportunity in quest knowledge as they own most of the great universities in the world.Warren Buffet, the precocious investor, has shown the world how a brilliant guy survives to come the most lucky person in the world. (Kenton, 2014) The excellence in academician does contribute oftentimes in constructing the strategies for Buffet to become a Billionaire today. Meanwhile, that opportunity does not happened in the same way for Muslim communities. As they have b een isolated in spite of appearance a big community when they migrate to a Western country, they are not being given same privileges in education as rise.The challenges faced by Muslims to further their studies become harder when in that location are nevertheless limited chances in education provided for Muslim populations. This forever has a very much dependency with the aspect of Muslims neighborly background. To be cleared, most Muslim countries all around the world suffer the issue of p everyplacety. Not only(prenominal) being the subject of p overty, Muslims are also subjected to discrimination and prejudices for they have everlastingly be seen as unimportant to become knowledgeable even to try on knowledge.All in all, Muslims who do afford to pay the high amount of educational fees will choose not to further their study to reduce their appoint of having to pay expensive educational fees. This will result in their in their interest towards education, where they will be no longer interested to seek knowledge as they have been dropped out due to incomplete fees payment, as well(p) as the lacking of formal education. Even though this slip of paper is quite common among Muslim countries, yet it also attacks the Western as well.For example, being a rich and well developed country like America has never stopped this country to urge their students with expensive educational fees. This will cause the school drop-outs to find other alternatives as a mean of continuing their emotional state(Reemerged, n. D). In short, education plays as an important element which triggers ones well life being, thus the limitations in education among Muslim populations has become a prominent barrier for them to move forward. The problem of getting an education does not stop there. This is because, even Muslim communities have their own restrictions in seeking knowledge in some countries.This is what happens in Saudi-Arabian Arabia in which the women have not been only re stricted to seek knowledge, yet they are also not allowed to drive and authoritative the permission from their male guardians(Saudi Arabia, 2013). In other words, restriction to gain knowledge is also considered as one of the barriers happened within the Muslim communities that may lead to the declination of friendly development among populations. To have a great country also heart to acquire a great society. Every culture and society in the world today is facing many complex example and social challenges.The major issue in developing social values in the Muslim communities is the influences of social media. The development of human behavior begins at the previous(predicate) age of children. Being in rapid growth stage has however asses teenagers and children to Just follow blindly what they may perceive as full-strength without having any detailed experimentation to it. This increases their chances to be and others. All in all, these can be seen through their peculiar attitude s as well as medical book binding style. Feller highlights the rise of pornographic elements in childrens clothing in United States leads to further moral decline (Feeler, 2013).This culture is unhealthy because it promotes the unethical politeness in dressing thus supports teenagers to dress in that way. Len other words, minor factor sometimes can also be racial to a problem whether it helps to reduce the problem or to boost the problem causing it to be more serious. With no doubt, pornographic issue in dressing style has actualities the sub or minor contributor to the larger problem which are teenage pregnancy and baby dumping. This sounds shocking but it does happen. In Malaysia, for example, a Muslim country, the case of unwedded teen pregnancy has reached to the circumstantial stage (Shah, 2014) at this recent day.This issue is closely related to the moral declination where it is initiated by the improper education and guidance from parents. The statistic of four subsequ ent years research shows that more than one thousand unwed teen pregnancies have occurred in Malaysia, starting from 2010 to 2013. This augurs the huge military issue and most unpredictable statistic in Malaysia involving the under-age teenagers. According to Alicia Shah (2014), as cited in Mad Hussy, the total number of unwed teen pregnancies for two year between 2011 and 2012 is 8405 Another challenge which has always become a nightmare for the Muslims is Claustrophobia.It is understandable that challenges towards Muslims do not only occur in the field of economy, education and social but also in a way Muslims receive feedbacks from the people all over the world. To be cleared, Claustrophobia refers to a form of racism being labeled to Muslims (Marci, 2004). Without realizing, the vocalize of anti-Muslim has been rapidly spread to global world, especially in the Western country. Muslims have been viewed as terrorists in the eyes of Western people.Head (2013) agrees that, Weste rn people have always misinterpreted Muslims as a symbol of violence besides of their intractability to make any changes whenever they have been asked to. Even though, it is not the actual guru that radiate the true Islam yet Muslims have suffered this for quite long time. According to Harmony, there are some misunderstandings of peoples views, failure to differentiate between true Islam and extremism which later on becomes the root of Claustrophobia(Harmony, 2014). Claustrophobia doesnt exist itself but it has been shaped by peoples perspective.For example, the Western who are being too judgmental towards Muslims always reflects any bad full treatment done by Muslims as a mean to describe Islam as a all in all. Later, they conclude that Islamic teachings as a form of terrorism. In other word, Westerners bad perception towards Muslims can be reduced once they understand and open ways for Muslims to explain what Islam is all about. Plus, inabilities of Muslim communities themsel ves to give the correct picture of Islam also boost Claustrophobia. This is again used by teethe radical Islamic terrors to describe Islam as a whole.Likewise, Claustrophobia affects the constitutional world of Islamic community. The huge impact can be seen in Muslim territory after the official term of Claustrophobia has been claimed, declared and well spread to the whole Western countries. One example can be seen through the tragedy of 9/1 1 here Muslims have been blamed for that tragedy as well as the bombing of the world trade centre building. This lead to the establishment of many organizations Western earthly concern (The year in hate and extremism, 2014). The Claustrophobia has been portrays how social media gather all blames towards Muslims at any global issue of criminals.Moreover, the treatments Muslim at the West orbit get are also dreadful to relief in that slender moment. Muslims have been pictured as bad, immoral, cruel and deviated from society. At the meantime, t he world will not welcome Muslim populations even they keep increasing number every now and then. N short, this situation will spread the tone of hatred on Muslim populations worldwide thus preventing Muslims to develop well (Claustrophobia explosion in I-J, 2002) After all, Muslims need some strategies to enhance their quality of life in the global world.As in the field of economics, Muslims should be able to change over the world of their capabilities in economic-based sector. One best example to support this idea is that, Muslims should be more competitive with the outside world. This perhaps can be portrayed through the high-quality products of local Muslim populations being exported all over the world. As a result to this, the world especially the Western will at least start to rethink of their bad perceptions given to Muslim communities. Besides, Muslim leaders should make ways for Muslims to be among the global economic competitors.So that the respect and chances will help to build up and develop the whole country. This sector closely related to the achievement on the education and academic sector, where the people have to be educated to keep on producing the great, innovative and productive products and works in the global world. As for the education, the restriction is no longer relevant for Muslim immunities, since people are born to be developed with the knowledge they have. Plus, the restriction to gain education between genders should be vanished thus portraying men as being superior in all aspects of life than the women should be stopped.This can be proven throughout several great of women in todays world. Morocco can be considered as one among the other countries which realizes the importance of womens contribution in education for the country. To support this, Morocco does encourage its women to become the religious leaders to guide the society through the help of personal counseling. In short, with this great alternative will actually acts as a medium to provide Muslims with a better chance of being educated thus to prepare living in a world of high technology (Sultan, 2012).Muslim country has been figured as poor country among countries all over the world. So, in order to improve the level of legitimate development of Muslim country, Muslims themselves need to strengthen the human resources that may indicate how strong they are to survive in global power economically. immature must be observed by their parents or guardians at the most of their activities. Teenagers with high exposure to immoral and unhealthy activities may have a higher tendency to get involved with the social problems.

Bad Decisions Essay

I pass water realized recently that friends should not have any accept at all on the finishs you make up up in life. It does not matter whether you ar a middle school student, high school student, college student, or however a grown and mature adult. Making a wrong conclusion at the wrong time bear have many ostracize affects on life, I k nowadays because Ive been there. A wrong decision might only affect you temporarily or it could stay with you for the informality of your life. It could cost you a job or could keep you from getting into the college you envisage of going to your whole life. The bad decisions are too much to risk. In a way, decisions should be made & held responsible only by the person making them. You should always think of how they result affect yourself and many others. neer let a friend or anyone else force you to make a choice that could wind up hurting yourself or anybody. Always be careful, it could be something that could stick with you fo r life.Even think about how it could affect your family and friends. Would they be embarrassed by this choice? Would they be proud to tell other people about what you have applye? Decision making can be seen as hard but also a very Copernican skill. Some people may view it as an unproblematic everyday thing, but to some it is harder. It is not always naturally obvious to some. My grandfather would say some people are born leadership and easily make decisions and some just are just not gifted in those areas. People should just make trusted to pass judgment the situation previous to making a decision that could hurt you or others. Taking advice from friends can be helpful, just think it through and make sure it is really the best thing for you too. just, keep in legal opinion friends dont always know what is best for you. Sometimes they dont realize how it can affect you and they dont even do this on purpose. I can even admit beholding myself doing it sometimes.Then again, this picture will fade when having fun, but make sure you always have it at reach in the back of your head. You neer know when something could go wrong and ruin your life and opportunities. It is very important to always think of your future and what you want to do later in life. If you have always dreamed to go to medical school and begin a OB/GYN dont go out and under-age sup at a party and then go driving. You think now that you would neer do anything standardized that, but in the moment you never know. Lots of people get caught in the moment and make a mistake thinking that most people get away with it. But if you go out there and drive drunk and kill a utterly responsible person who has good judgment and makes good decisions you will be forced to live with that for the rest of your life. You will have to depend their family face to face and tell them that you are the reason they lost their love one. You also have to say how it was because of a bad decision.You just got c aught up in the moment and wound up killing someone perfectly innocent. It goes from talking or being funny in class to something as serious as killing someone. Just imagine yourself in that scenario. When it comes to situations like this , nothing is funny anymore, it serious. It might seem that when you are young there is nothing to worry about, that youre untouchable and nothing will rule to you, but really everything you do affects your future. Not only because of your actions at that read but by getting use to making careless decisions some people never grow out of the habit. Before you know it, at 21 they are still the same people they were when they were 15. Bad decisions affect everybody , not just the person responsible but everyone around.

The Fall of Mughal Empire

The make up of Mughal pudding stone Under Aurangzebs successors the tumble of pudding stone was hastened by several causes and the fondness of lawlessness rampant through give away the land. In much(prenominal) circumstances ruin of Mughal Empire was inevitable. Aurangzeb, as a ruler of India turn out to be a misadventure. He exactly realised that the greatness of an empire depends on the progress of its community as a whole, largely owe to the emperor butterfly moths each of political foresight. The symptoms of the integration of Mughal Empire appeared in front he left the world.His successors altogether hastened the process of decay. Disintegration of the Mughal Empire The termination of Aurangzeb on the 3rd March, 1707, was a signal for the disintegration of the mighty Mughal Empire, which dazzle the contemporary world by its extensive territories, armed services might and cultural achievements. The reign of Aurangzeb was the swan- intelligenceg of the Mughal rule in India. No sooner had he voiceless his last then his three sons Muazam, Muhammad Azam and Muhammad caravanserai Baksh entered into bitter oratorical quarrels for the willpower of the heap of Delhi.While nine Mughal Emperors followed one another in quick eon in the fifty years following the demolition of Aurangzeb, many adventurers Indian and remote carved out autonomous principalities for themselves. Mughal organisation of Oudh, Bengal and the Deccan freed themselves from the control of the aboriginal Government. The Hindu powers found the sequence opportune for assertion of their independence. Invaders from the North-West ingeminate their incursions in search of wealth and the European trading companies interfered in Indian Politics.In spite of all these external and internal dangers, dissolution process of the telephone exchange structure of the great Mughal Empire was slow and long drawn out process. BajiRaos raid of Delhi(1773) and Nadir Shahs invasion(1739) expo sed the hollowness of the Mughal Empire and by 1740 the fall of the empire was an accomplished fact. Among the various causes responsible for free fall and the downfall of the great Empire the following deserve special extension 1. Aurangzebs responsibility. The expansion of the Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb resembled an inflated balloon. The empire has expand beyond the point of effective control.Its vastness in the absence of certain means of communication tended to weaken the centre instead of strengthening it. The emperors religious policy provoked a general discontented in the country and the empire was faced with rebellions of the Sikhs, the Jats, the Bundelas, the Rajputs and above all the Marathas. Aurangzeb only created enemies. His narrow bigoted religious policy turned the Rajputs, a real supporter of the regal dynasties into foes. He re-imposed Jeiza on the Hindus which led to the rising of the Satnamis, Bundelas and the Jats. The Sikhs locomote against the empire paralysing Imperial administration in the Punjab.The Hindu oppositeness in the Maharashtra assumed a national character. The Maratha guerrillas demoralised the splendid armies of Aurangzeb, broke their spirit of superiority and wore them out. One of the strongest reasons of the annexation of the Shia Kingdoms of Bijapur and Golconda was religious. The conquest of these Muslim kingdoms of the south removed the strongest local contain on Maratha activities and left them free to organise resistance of Mughal Imperialism. Aurangzebs mistaken policy of war in the Deccan which continued for 20 seven years drained the resources of the empire.The rulers of Bijapur and Golconda were Shias and for a fanatical Sunni like Aurangzeb there was no focalise for them in India. The annexation of these States was a blunder. He should let followed a buffer-state policy towards these kingdoms. He should have subordinated his religious zeal to statesmanship. If he had helped these states against t he Marathas, he would have been able to keep the latter in check with much less expense and waste of energy. After the annexation of Bijapur and Golconda, Aurangzeb attempt to crush the power of the Marathas Sambhaji the son of Shivaji was captured and put to death.His son Sahu was also make a prisoner. However the Marathas carried on their struggle against the Mughal under the leadinghip of rajah Ram and Tara Bai. When Aurangzeb died in 1707, the power of the Marathas was not still crushed. They were stronger than before. Well I think, The Deccan was the grave of his reputation as rise as of his body. He had to remain a way from the capital for a quarter of a century. The result was that the whole of the administration went out of gear. There was confusion all(prenominal)where. The provincial Governors did not send the land revenue to Central Government.At a time when money was needed for Deccan war, very little was coming from the provinces. No applaud when Bahadur Shah suc ceeded to the throne, the treasury was empty. After the death of Aurangzeb various provinces became independent of the Central authority. Oudh became independent under Saadat khan Bengal, Bihar and Orissa became independent under AlivardiKhan. Asaf Jat Nizam-ul-Mulk became indepent in the Deccan. The Rohillas became independent in Rohilkhand. The Rajputs also asserted their independence. Thus, gradually the Mughal empire broke up.The failure of Aurangzeb in the Deccan wars destroyed the military prestige of the Mughals. Too much of expenditure make the Mugahl government bankrupt. The Deccan wars can rightly be called the Ulcer which destroyedthe Mughal Empire. Weak Successors of Aurangzeb Aurangzeb died in 1707 and before his death he left a will by which he portioned his empire among his three sons. Inspite of this a bitter fratricidal war took place among the three princes for the throne. Muazzam was the ruler of Kabul and the Punjab, Muhammad Azim the second son was the ruler of the deccan. Prince Muazzam came to the throne after defeating his brothers.The Mughal system of government being despotic much depended on the personality of the emperor. Under a strong emperor all went well but the succession of a weak emperor was reflected in every filed administration. Unfortunately all the succession after Aurangzeb were weaklings and quite incapable to trifle the challenges from within and without far from stemming the tide of decline, they arranged the situation by their idiosyncrasies and lacks morals. Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712) was 69 at the time of his succession to the throne and was too disused to maintain the prestige of the empire.He liked to appease all parties by lavish by grants of titles and rewards. Jahandar Shah (1712-1713) the next in succession was a luxury tear fool. Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719) was a contemptible coward. Mohammad Shah (1719-1748) spent most of the time watching zoology fights. He was nicknamed Rangila for his addiction to v ino and women. During his rule Nadir Shah attacked Delhi and Subedars became independent. Ahmad Shah (1748-1754) excelled his predecessors in his sulphurous pursuits. He was unable to cope successfully with the disintegration forces that had grown so alarming on all sides.The empire was reduced to a bantam district round Delhi. The emperor was deposed and blinded in 1754 by the wasir. He was succeeded by Alamgir II and he was succeeded by Shah Alum who came under British and Maratha protection. much(prenominal) weak and imbecile Emperors could hardly act as applaudable custodians of public interests or maintain the integrity of the empire. Degeneration of Mughal Nobility When Mughal came to India they had hardly a character. Too much of wealth, luxury and leisure s a loted their character. Their harems became full. They got booze in plenty.They went in palanquins to the battlefield. Such nobles were not fit to fight against the Marathas, the Rajputs and Jats and the Sikhs. The Mughal splendor degenerated at a very rapid pace. The Mughals nobility was taken from the Turks, the Afghan and the Persians and the climate of India was not very suitable for their growth. They began to degenerate during their stay in India. Ruddy warriors in boots, became pale persons in petticoats Where wealth accumulates men decay And disloyalty on the empire did pray We have a significant drill of the moral degeneration of the Mughal peerage.The Prime Ministers grandson Mirza Tafakh-kjur used to quip worth from the mansion in Delhi, with his ruffians plunder the shops in the bazars, kidnap Hindu women passing through the public streets in litters or going to the river to disgrace them and yet there was no judge strong enough to visit him, no police to prevent much(prenominal) crimes. Every time such an occurrence was brought to the Emperors notice by the news earn or official reports, he referred it to the prime minister and did no topic more. judiciary Factions Broad ly speaking, the nobles were ranged in two parties.Those two were children of the soil or the Indo-Muslim party. To this group belonged the Afghan nobles, the Sayyeds of Barha and Khan-i-Dauran whose ancestors came from Badakhastan. These Indian Muslims depended mostly on the help of their Hindu compatriots. The foreign nobles of diverse origin, opposed as a class to the members of the Hindustani party were indiscriminately called Mughals. They were sub-divided into two groups according to the land of their origin. Those who came from Transoxiano and other parts of primal Asia and were mostly of Sunni, persuasion formed the Turkani party.The most prominent members of this group was Mohammed Amin Khan and his Cousin Chin-Qillich Khan better known as the Nizam-ul-Mulk. The Irani party was collected of those who hailed for the Persian territories and were Shias. The most important members of the Irani party were Asad Khan and Zulfiqar Khan, the king maker. These were specified fac tions and were not like modern political parties. Their members had no common prescript of action among themselves except of self-interest and no firm party allegiance. They fought battles, touch the peace of the country and throwing administration to dogs.Even in the face of foreign danger these hostile groups could not forge a united front and often intrigued with invadors. Defective Law of Succession The absence of the law of primogeniture among the Mughals usually meant a war of succession among the sons of the dying Emperor in which the military leaders of the times took sides. The sword was the grand arbiter of right and every son was prepared to try his fortune against his brothers Such a system though not commendable was not without its advantages. It provided the country with the ablest son of the dying emperor as the ruler. Demoralization in the Mughal ArmyThe abundance of riches of India, the use of wine and comforts had very evil effects on the Mughal army. Nothing was through with(p) to stop the deterioration. The soldiers cared more for their personal comforts and less for winning battles. The greatness of the Mughal armies was declared to the world when they failed to conquer Balkh and Badakhashar in the time of Shah Jahan. Likewise the failure of Shah Jahan to recapture Kandar inspite of three determined efforts proved to the world that the military weapon of the Mughal had become imporatant. In 1739 Nadir Shah not only murdered the people of Delhi but also ordered their wholesale massacre.When such a thing is done by a foreigner, it only proves that the existing government is helpless. Such a government forfeits the right to exact allegiance from the people as it fails to protect life and property of the people. There were inherent defects in Mughal military system. The army was organised more or less on the feudal basis where the common soldier owed allegiance to the mansabdar rather than the Emperor. The soldier looked upon the mansabda r as their chief, not an officer. The defects of this system though evident enough in revolts of Bairam Khan and Mahabat Khan assumed alarming proportions under the later Mughal Kings. Only hale by need does he came out of the moat His army trounce knows how to turn from the fight The Infantry afraid to the barber that shaves The Cavalry fall off from their beds in their sleep But in a ideate they see their mount frisk. Economic Bankruptcy After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire faced financial bankruptcy. The Deccan wars ruined the finances of the empire. The marches of the Imperial army damaged crops in Deccan while the beasts of pith ate away all the standing crops and greenery. Whatever little was left was destroyed by the Marathas Raiders.There was dislocation of trade and industry. Extravagant expenditure was a crushing burden upon the resources of the country. Nature of the Mughal State The Mughal government was essentially a police government and confined its attention mainly to the maintainance of internal and external order and appealingness of revenue. The Mughals failed to effect a fusion between the Hindus and Muslims, an create a involved nation. All laudable efforts made by Akbar in this direction were done for(p) by the bgotry of Aurangzeb and his successors.

Architect: Analyzing Southwest Airlines Essay

Companys Strategy south-wests strategy is to improve efficiency in its operations and pass equal saving to its customers by offering them low and competitive prices. southwestern Airlines is give to providing the highschoolest prize of Customer Service delivered with a sense of warmth, friendliness, individual pride, and social club Spirit. Analyze each primeval element of the company separately base on the congruence ModelOrganization building (Formal Structure) The organization of Southwest Airlines is best described as an upside-down pyramid an organization very much in line with the way they want to do business. The focal ratio management is at the bottom and supports the front line employees, who be the experts. forward line employees play a major role in the yearbook business planning and operational budgeting which for a great part is have bottom-up rather than top-down. This is the fruit of co-founder Herb Kellehers unorthodox leaders style, in which manage ment decisions are make by everyone in the organization, non just the head executives. The company does not tack together much vehemence on social structure instead, employees are encouraged to recover freely without constraints much(prenominal) as titles or official mandates.Culture (Informal Structure) The development improvement and nuance of originality, individuality and identity and personality of a given throng. This is how southwest airlines bound its culture. Southwest Airlines was built on their comical culture, continuously tout it and need dedicated a position to constantly communicating it. Southwest executives are clear on who they are and who would be a technical cash in ones chips to live the Southwest way. Three components include having a Warrior spirit belong hard, want to be the best, be courageous, display a sense of urgency, keep and innovate. Servants heart Follow the golden rule, put new(prenominal)s first, ground proactive customer servic e and embrace the Southwest family. Fun-loving attitude f whole apartt take yourself too seriously, maintain perspective, celebrate successes, enjoy make and be a passionate team player.Work (Task) Airline Operations. Requires dexterous subject areaforce and much emphasis is placed on customers relation and to providing fictional character service. To wrench for Southwest one must follow a hallucination that is customer service oriented and therefore, pleasant in demeanor and family friendly. Southwest has a special loyalty and commitment to its employees. Southwest had the lowest throwback time for its aircrafts for a long period of time. To accomplish the difficult labor movement, workers performed some tasks, including loading and unloading luggage, emptying wastes, taking packages and helping passengers, or they were train to do a lot of multitasking. commonwealth One of the many things good about Southwest Airlines is that the kinds of mickle who are heroes of th e organization are mountain who care and go out of their way to help the customers. Theyre the ones who are celebrated and held up as shining examples. Additionally, high levels of satisfaction among employees cornerstone be attributed to Southwest employee policy. Happy employees can provide high quality service and bring more customers back. To reinforce the culture of hard work, high-energy, fun, topical anaesthetic autonomy, and creativity, the company provided continuous education program to employees. If you can help individual out or brighten someones day, be it a co-worker or a passenger, youre doing your ponder well. Analyze how these elements interact with each other.1. Work and People The workers in the company are recruited through with(predicate) a process where the right mess are chooses for the right job and emphasis is placed on attitude. Also emphasis is placed on people who can do anything to get a particular task done. Coordination and cooperation is always emphasized and people who were can multitask and go out of their way to help customers or complete a task are inured as heroes. 2. Work and Structure The structure places emphasis on people and the work they do. Management decisions are made by taking into esteem the ideas and suggestions from the front line. The front line of the company is involved in the full(a) decision making done in the company. Since the worker bee is central to all decision making in Southwest, it gives the employees in the organization authority to make changes to the structure for the maximum benefit of the organization. This leads to higher congruence between work and structure.3. Structure and People The organization structure allows the people to work in effect and take responsibility. Job responsibilities are not strictly defined. The structure provides for people to do anything and everything to get a task done. For example, the pilots helped clean a vapid when all hands were required to turnarou nd a flight quickly. 4. People and Culture The culture of southwest airlines is people centric. Employees are celebrated and made heroes if employees go out of their way to help customers or co-workers. The culture supports the people and nurtures them to think of the company as an extension of themselves and care and support other member of the company.5. Culture and Work The culture of the company is reflected in the work performed by the employees. In one scenario where a rival airline resolves to jactitate pricing (to half the price of what southwest was charging) so that it can put southwest out of business, but southwest comes up with a unique idea. Instead of reducing the price they provided customers with free liquor and the customers liked it. This shows high congruence between the culture and work because unique ideas come when employees think freely and are also willing to work to make these ideas successful. 6. Structure and Culture Yes. The formal structure the organiz ation is divided into various departments ground on functions (that work cohesively) and the informal structure provides for communication to flow freely amongst various departments. The informal structure also encourages to make changes to the formal structure if required because the decision making process flows from the bottom instead of the top. refinement Southwest Airlines is effectively able to fit together the four key components of performance, tasks, people, structure, and culture. These elements worked together in unison and produced an organization-wide system that functions efficiently and effectively.

Age and Second Language Acquisition Essay

For over sixty years scientists and linguists fork out been doing the researches nigh the assist verbiold age eruditeness and bilingualism among children. It has been discovered that act spoken spoken communication attainment is a par all toldel of the graduation phrase acquisition exactly also there are a lot of differences. At the beginning it must(prenominal) be said what the bilingualism and se jackpott address acquisition are. SLA ( indorsement linguistic communication Acquisition) refers to the turn by which people ingest back up terminology that means that they bed ace phraseology and then start larn the nigh some other one. On the other hand, bilingualism refers to the ability to use ii linguistic processs with equal fluency. But n primeval scientists believes that even though those abilities are nearly equal, one language leave always dominate above the other. There are three types of bilingualism * coincidental eruditeness both languages as the first off one. So a fresh born child who does not come up to any languages goes directly to the form that it speaks devil languages* Receptive it means that children are able to encounter two languages but express themselves all in one * Sequential refers to the acquisition of the chip language by and by establishing the first one. As for the bite language acquisition, there is main theory elaborated by the psycholinguist, Stephen Krashen, which consist of the quintet speculation 1. The Acquisition-learning hypothesis. There are two independent systems the consumed system and the learning system. Acquisition is the product of subconscious process, needs ingrained conversation in which speaker is focused on the communicative act, not on the form. It send word be compared with the acquisition of the mother tongue by the child. Learning, on the other hand, is the product of formal instructions, so it is the conscious process. This is represented by the norms grammar, expression and so on. It demands effort and attention. Krashen emphasizes that acquisition is much important than learning.2. The Monitor hypothesis. This hypothesis explains the relation between acquisition and learning. As the acquisition is the initiator of the utterance, the learning is the editor. The function of monitor is, according to Krashen, to pay off deviations from normal speech and to picture speech a more(prenominal)(prenominal) polished appearance. 3. The inbred dedicate hypothesis. It is based on the claim that the acquisition of well-formed structures fol low-downs a graphic order that set up be predictable. It is also said that around grammatic structures are learnt earlier and some later and they seem to be depended on the learners age.4. The Input hypothesis. This hypothesis explains, according to Krashen, how the routine language is procured. It explains only the acquisition not learning. This hypothesis shows that the learner processes along th e innate(p) order when one receives second language input that is beyond ones current stage of linguistic competence. 5. The Affective Filter hypothesis. accord to this hypothesis, there are some affective variables that are facilitative in second language acquisition. These are for example pauperism, anxiety and self-confidence. It was claimed that learners with senior high school motivation and self-confidence and low level of the anxiety are better equipt for success in second language acquisition. From the beginning of life, babies deliver the goods their first language due to the aforementioned(prenominal) pattern. All children go through the aforesaid(prenominal) phases. These are* bubbling,* one-word utterance,* two-word phrases,* full sentences,* complex grammar.As it is generally said, children acquire second language hurried than adults. Children who are younger than 6 years archaic learn two languages as one. As one of the Harvard professors, Patton Tabors, in his carry One Child, Two Languages A guide for Preschool Educators of Children Learning English as a secant Language (1997, p. 12) noticed that For these children, then, second-language acquisition is not a process of discovering what language is, but rather of discovering what this language is. It means that all new elements of the language are developed as the acquisition of the first language. In the age of 6-7 children start to recognize and separate two languages. They learn the second language rather than acquire due to the way that the language is taught. Also it is worth noticing that some of the sounds of second language raise be weird for child and not always he or she is competent to pronounce words properly. It results with foreign accent.According to Stephen Krashen, child acquires a second language by receiving input in the target language which is a little bit above their current level of acquired understanding. What is more, according to Krashens Affective Filter hy pothesis, high motivation, self-confidence, a good self-image, and a low level of anxiety play great role in the second language acquisition among children. Children learn also by the imitation of adults. What is more SLA depends on the quantity of input, so the quantity of the parents speech. The more child hears, the more efficiently and faster he or she acquires. As I boast mentioned, the second language acquisition makes a parallel of the first language acquisition but is slightly different. In 1983, Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell in their book The Natural Approach Language Acquisition in the classroom (1983) distinguished louver stages of second language acquisition among children.Northwest Regional Educational laboratory in United States organized them and listed. These are 1. The Silent/Receptive or Preproduction introduce The stage lasts from 10 hours to six months. During this time students know up to 500 words which they understand but do not feel comfortable to us e them. This period is often called as silent because students may not speak but respond with simple gesture or with the simple answers like yes or no. In this stage they can also understand new words that are made graspable to them. 2. The Early Production Stage this stage can last more less six months until students learn approximately 1000 which they can understand and use. This stage is similar to the phases of one-word utterance and two-word phrases. Students are able to study some Wh-questions and use simple negatives and of line of business yes and no answers. 3. The Speech Emergence Stage this stage lasts another year.There are over 3000 words developed. In this stage students are able to use simple sentences, dialogues and they can ask simple questions and answer them. Longer sentences are produced but often with grammatical mistakes. 4. The Intermediate Language Proficiency Stage it is next year after the speech emergence. Students developed up to 6000 words and make c lear and correct statements. They can share their opinions and thoughts and speak at greater length. 5. The Advanced Language Proficiency Stage it takes astir(predicate) five to seven years to speak second language fluently and without any grammar mistakes. By this stage students have developed some specialized vocabulary which is more less the same level as native speakers. Of course, the case of each student is different. whatever can acquire second language faster and do not feel blocked from speaking.It all depends on the students leave behind and involvement. It is said that adults are not able to acquire second language as quick as children but it can be misleading. Firstly, it has to be noticed that if children acquire second language it is mostly in the natural setting where they have natural contact with the language and can acquire all aspects of language and it is not only to say about grammar rules but also proverbs, phrasal verbs, vulgarisms and slang. On the other h and, adults mostly learn second language in classroom with other beginners and level of given lessons is modify to the student with the lowest level. In such conditions it is obvious that the second language acquisition takes more time than the SLA among children. In adult age, even though we understood and we are able to use correctly grammar rules, it is hard to acquire natural way of talking, it is the authentic, native-speaker pronunciation, which often determines the level of second language acquisition. It can be said that adults can exceed children in all aspects of SLA further the accent.For example, it is said that adults who learn Chinese or any other Far-East language will not ever acquire the language pronunciation properly. Of course any children who learn those language will acquire it not only properly but also without any traces of foreign accent. It happens because children can figure out their straight-from-the-shoulder cords to pronounce words properly and it is impossible for adults whose vocal cords are already shaped. There are several linguists that had been doing the researches on the adult and children second language acquisition. I would like to present some of the results of those researches. Cartherine Snow, Bradford Marshall and Stefka Marinova-Todd say that the age does not constrict the acquisition of second language to achieve the native-speaker level. They argue that the speed of language acquisition and misattribution of age are the generalized misconceptions. On the other hand, Jean-Marc Dewaele demonstrates the need for the inclusion of emotional communication factor. He says that the competence will help learners in faster second language acquisition.However, other linguist, David Singleton, believes that only learners who are exposed to the second language early in life have chance to acquire completely second language. Children easily acquire the language and reach high level of success, while adults become fossilize d on account of neurobiological assumptions. What is more, the wrong interpretation of the childrens acquisition speed misled to belief that children can absorb a language within months. Researches made in 70s proved the opposite. Adults in the first stages were more efficient and enwrapped language faster than children. It was explained by the neuroscientist who indicated that the localization of the languages in childrens and adults mentality is different. Results made in 1990s showed that two adjacent centers of activation in Brocas area, which is responsible for the speech, were activated in adult learners whereas in childrens brains there was no separation of this area.Although, the others scientists argue that brain is plastic and conciliative so children can acquire more. With puberty people lose it. It leads us to the Critical Period Hypothesis which was presented by the American linguist, Eric Lanneberg. He argued that if the second language is not absorbed completely be fore the certain age, its tally acquisition will not ever be possible. In so called particular period we can absorb second language by means of the Language Acquisition Device which includes the rules of the common grammar. According to other linguist, Noam Chomsky, all languages in the populace have the same common grammar rules and what is more they are inborn and do not have to taught. It can be illustrated by the example of Genie, a feral girl, who in her early years, until she was 13, was tortured by her father and isolated from the society.Scientists could observe in which way she was enthralling the language. And as a result, she never acquired language completely. On the other hand, the world is full of people who acquired second language perfectly after the critical period. For example pope John Paul II who spoke octad languages fluently or Ioannis Ikonomou, who works in European Commission, who speaks fluently in thirty two languages. Summing up, there is the great di sagreement between scientist if the early ages helps or rather slows down the second language acquisition. Also the arguments about Genie, who could not absorb any language completely due to the vanished language acquisition device or about Ioannis Ikonomou who fluently speaks thirty two languages do not help to prove it completely. It all depends on personal ability of each person.References1. Genesee Fred, Neuropsychology and Second Language Acquisition, New York, 1988. 2. Gitsaki Christina, Second Language Acquisition TheoriesOverview and Evaluation, Journal of Communication and International Studies, volume 4, 1998, p. 89-98, retrieved from network at http//espace.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ9550/L2-theories.htm, last rewrite on November 27th 2012. 3. Grisel Aloin, Child-Adult differences in Second Language Acquisition. musical composition 1, 2010, retrived from Internet at http//www.examiner.com/review/child-adult-differences-second-language-acquisition-part-1, last revise on declina tion 1st 2012. 4. Grisel Aloin, Child-Adult differences in Second Language Acquisition. Part 2, 2010, retrived from Internet at http//www.examiner.com/review/child-adult-differences-second-language-acquisition-part-2, last revised on December 1st 2012. 5. Krashen Stephen and Terrell Tracy, The Natural Approach Language Acquisition in the classroom, Michigan, 1983. 6. Schtz Ricardo, Stephen Krashens Theory of Second Language Acquisition, retrieved from Internet at http//www.sk.com.br/sk-krash.html, last revised on November 28th 2012. 7. Tabors Patton, One child, two languages, Baltimore, 1997, p. 12. 8. Website of the European Commission, retrieved from Internet at http//ec.europa.eu/languages/orphans/faq_pl.htm, last revised on December 2nd 2012.

Multicultural Management in the Virtual Project Setting

MULTI heathenish MANAGEMENT IN THE VIRTUAL PROJECT position Carlos Galamba, University of Liverpool Introduction The virtual(prenominal) Project Setting In todays b altogether-shapedisation era, effective cross-cultural solicitude of realistic(prenominal) group ups is an emerging topic in global business literature and practice. Virtual squading has a human activity of potential benefits non only in terms of human resources flexibleness but it after part also reduce the operating costs of iodine organisation. On the other hand, the ch eitherenges of much(prenominal) environs should non be undermined. much scholars have attempted to analyse the impact of practical(prenominal)(prenominal) travel in a figure of chemical elements much(prenominal) as colloquy, leadership, bank, decision-making and productivity (Symons and Stenzel, 2007), while others were especi whollyy strikeed with the management of geographical on the wholey dispersed units and therefore add ressed the challenges of operative with date z oneness differences and culturally different groups (Ardichvili et al. , 2006). The findings atomic number 18 very kindle and the business literature appears to agree that the virtual(prenominal) plan conniption is in some(a) manner different from opposite take to the woodsing and more important it brings some funny challenges.This confound depart go over the literature under these headings and explore the vituperative frees regarding cross-cultural management in the virtual pouch background knowledge. Based on the theoretical framework for virtual aggrouping I will attempt to strategy solutions and establish a set of best practices for effective international management of such environments. Managing the virtual environment Critical issues The emerging number of virtual teams is a reality in the global market place. The virtual project setting allows organisations to assign the most skilled individuals to projects across the globe, with little concern for travel or elocation expenses, which improves productivity (Rorive and Xhauflair,2004). However the challenges of managing culturally and geographically diverse teams must not be undermined. Some of the problems and lively issues arise in different atomic number 18as such as communication, engineering, synergy among team members, culture and time zone differences (Grosse, 2002 Kuruppuarachchi, 2009). In the next pages I will discuss these issues and review the current literature and theoretical framework to outline possible solutions. converse going In the bigger picture the most critical factor with regards to communication is the wording barrier. Effective communication freighter be moved(p) when team members speak different native languages. For instance, Bakbone Software, a US bon ton faced communication problems when Japanese workers were employed in their virtual team, referable to their flawless English (Alexander, 2 000). Nevertheless, some cultures prefer a more ceremonious communication than others, and managers must pay special attention to individual postulate. thither are a number of communication platforms functional, such as phone, email, masticate and video-conferencing. Selecting the most appropriate method for a virtual project setting is critical for the projects success. Ardichvili et al. (2006) found signifi so-and-sot differences in the pet methods of communication of Russian and Chinese team members.The former are pleasant with email communication whilst the second would rather prefer face-to-face or phone calls. These findings seem to support the plainion between high and low-context cultures set up by Hall (1981). closure A valuable strategy to get hold of with communication challenges gutter be achieved by understanding and identifying everyones strengths and backgrounds. By recognising different levels of expertise, skills and experience among team m embers, virtual team leaders can distribute the workload accordingly. Lipnack and Stamps (1999), posit triple basic steps to chasten obstacles to communication listening skills, maintain and patience. TECHNOLOGY ISSUE The available technology is another critical factor for virtual teams. It is essential that an equal access to technology can be guaranteed to all team members, otherwise productivity can be compromised (Kuruppuarachchi, 2009). Broadband dos are not available in every location and some regions may experience long-play internet speed than others or may have incompatible networks SOLUTION Ardichvili et al. (2006) posit that the start of the project is crucial and however team leaders must choose the most appropriate computer-mediated technology that best suits the needs of team members.One that can be readily available to all users and therefore potential problems in the use of technology must be identified before the virtual project takes plac e. CULTURE ISSUE Individualism-collectivism is one of the biggest dimensions of cultural variability.The findings by Gudykunst (1997) and Hofstede (1980) suggest that team members from socialistic cultures are less ready to cuss others than those from individualistic cultures. Chow et al. (2000) established that individualistic and collectivist cultures cook up a sharp differentiation between in-group and out-group members, with regards to k forthwithledge manduction. For congressman, Chinese managers are found to be more reluctant in sharing companionship with an out-group member when compared to Americans. SOLUTION With regards to culture, legion(predicate) scholars agree that cultural sensory faculty is the most effective solution to minimize the negative effects of cross-cultural differences (Mead and Andrews, 2009). Ardichvili et al. (2006) emphasise that leadership must facilitate an environment of cultural rendering in order to create a grotesque c ompetitive advantage. and then it is essential that managers have the ability to channel culturally-determined behaviors and different expectations into rich outputs. synergy ISSUE To communicate across cultures it is essential that managers can foster an environment of trust and understanding. Several factors, such as repeated interactions, dual-lane experiences and shared social norms, have been found to facilitate the development of trust (Mayer et al. 1995). m some(prenominal) another(prenominal) scholars also argue that face-to-face encounters are irreplaceable when it comes to building trust (Ardichvili et al. , 2006). SOLUTION Following Ardichvili et al. (2006) findings, it appears essential that virtual team leaders make personal meetings possible, because face-to-face encounters are one of the most critical factors for trust building, particularly at the beginning of the teams existence. This has been found to be essential in many nationals of virtual te ams, like Ericsson in chin witting (Lee-Kelley and Sankey, 2008) and the virtual project of the New South Wales police in Australia (Peters and Manz, 2007). Nevertheless, in the virtual project setting, this synergy may be difficult to say and it is therefore important that virtual organisations consider activities that indirectly create trust, such as group and individual feedback (Walker et al. , 2002 cited in Ardichvili et al. 2006). TIME ZONE DIFFERENCES ISSUE The problem of work in distant geographical locations arises for congressman when original activities need to be synchronized or when real time communication is critical for the project.Due to time zone differences, users may not be able to exchange information instantly. For example, the US attach to BakBone software, faced some challenges in the coordination of its Israeli and US teams, because they have a 7 moment time difference between them (Alexander, 2000). SOLUTION Precise coordination pro cesses can divine service conquer time- tie in challenges and help increase production outcomes. Planning of schedules and tasks appears to reduce repetition in discussion (Lee-Kelley and Sankey, 2008).This planning should also be organic, particularly if perturbation of planned activities takes place. Additionally, virtual team leaders must see to it that all team members are aware of time-zone differences so that they can plan forrader the best time for communication. Microsoft for example, has overcome some of these issues by using a 24 hour service in some of their virtual teams (Alexander, 2000). ethical implications Lee (2009) describes e-ethics as the ethical leadership that is required in the virtual project setting. The need to address ethical issues in virtual teams has change magnitude over the years and appears to be more important in the international business environment. The literature over this subject appears to agree that there is a clear explic ition between the issues raised within this new virtual digit when compared to more handed-down organisations (Lee, 2009).Therefore, based on the problems and solutions identified before, for the multicultural management in the virtual project setting, I will now attempt to review the ethical implications of such issues. Based on the work developed by Lee (2009) I agree that ethic leadership is ultimately the responsibility of the project manager (p. 457). It is up to the leader to ensure that an ethical environment can be followed by the users at all times, and moreover that environment must be back up in the organisational design of the virtual project setting.Cranford (1996) highlights that the use of computers that are in different geographic locations can affect the communicative behaviour of the users involved. For instance, the absence of face-to-face interactions can encourage a more aggressive and disrespectful behaviour. Therefore it is up to the project leader to contr ol this environment, and monitor any unethical behaviour as it can have a negative effect on trust and synergy among team members.Moreover, Lee (2009) agrees that it is essential that a cypher of ethics is available to all users, so that they understand what is acceptable or not in the virtual environment. Another issue identified in the literature regards the potential for social isolation in the virtual fraternity (Lee, 2009), which in plication can affect motivation and commitment to the project. It is up to the project leader to ensure that all users are participative enough and parry potential morale problems delinquent to the privation of interaction.The latter has been found to be more noticeable in the virtual environment than in traditional organisations (Lee, 2009). There are a number of other ethical issues in the virtual environment, but the ones identified above appear to be those that are directly linked with working in cross-cultural virtual teams that lack fac e-to-face interaction. It is essential that leaders can effectively manage the unique ethical issues that arise in the virtual setting in turn this will increase job satisfaction, efficiency and ultimately improve the service shelter. Case study BankCo Inc. as a leave behind of a coalescence of many multinational companies, as an attempt to create a global brand, with similar corporate identity and global standards. The virtual team members are based in many different countries and come from well distinct cultures, for example Greece, UK, Germany and Singapore. It has been suggested that any poor performance or project delays were not related to the virtual team itself, but moreover were a result of cultural differences and communication problems (Lee-Kelley and Sankey, 2008). For example, some groups considered the excessive number of gathering calls to be unproductive and time-consuming.The critical issues Communication With regards to communication, the authors point out that the excessive number of emails, over a 100 per person per day, was seen as negative by many of the users, particularly in the Greek and UK teams problems (Lee-Kelley and Sankey, 2008). It is suggested that this could be the result of a low-trust culture, where colleagues feel they have to preserve email communication if a struggle takes place, for example. The excessive number of emails also meant that they could not be fully introduce or even read sometimes.The company used video-conference as a replacement for face-to-face interaction, however staff felt that many of these conference calls were very long and unnecessary (over 8 hours in some cases). As suggested in the literature, the business language used can be a challenge for non native speakers, however this was not the case for the team in Singapore, due to their superior command of the English language. In the case of BankCo Inc. this was genuinely more problematic amongst Germany, Spain and Italy when they had to commu nicate in English. Also, despite the business language organismness English, BankCo Inc. as flexible enough to allow certain groups to discuss problems in their native language when interacting with each other, for example, in Singapore, this allowed easier explanation of concepts. engineering With regards to Technology, there were a number of tools available for communication. However, there were cases reported where users were not familiar with them. For example, with the tool Test Director, created to identify and raise problems, many users were duplicating work, by using emails as a secondary way of aggrandizement these problems.The article by Lee-Kelley and Sankey (2008) emphasises that the challenges of technology could be resolved if managers addressed the teach needs of the users involved, in a way to improve communication. Synergy among team members In the early stages of the project, it was reported that there was lack of clarity in responsibilities and roles, and there fore people were passing on the problems to others. Also, the authors pointed out that there was no obvious global project leader, which could have been seen by the users as lack of leadership and direction.The scholars highlight that cultural and temporal issues affected the building of trust. For example the UK and Greek teams showed some frustration by the East tendency to repress answering a question fully. They also felt they could not affirm on their Eastern counterparts to complete tasks, even if they were committed to do so. of age(p) management acknowledged the problem, and highlighted the need for more interaction and understanding. As a consequence, some positive steps were taken, for example by implementing more face-to-face meetings.Culture The authors pointed out that there was a difference in the work ethics between the watt and the East, for example despite those in the West work very hard, the colleagues in the East worked longer and socially unaccepted hours. Another issue pointed out was the way that members in the team in Singapore would accept all change requests from senior management, even though they did not have the time to complete those tasks. They justified it as being part of their culture to not reject or disappoint any requests from someone higher in the hierarchy.However, the Western counterparts perceived this as inefficient and pointed out that these guys are lying continuously (Lee-Kelley and Sankey, 2008, p. 60). Time zone differences With regards to this issue there were two different sides some of the virtual team groups were working long hours, for example in Singapore to allow flexibility and problems to be picked up, even out of routine hours. On the other hand, the West fabricated that they could then communicate with the East whenever they wanted to, and some problems arose when staff in Singapore was dealing with queries way past midnight.Conclusion By examining the critical issues regarding global virtual tea ms, this project offers significant insight to broaden our schoolman understanding of culturally and geographically distant virtual teams. An emergent lore that arises from this discussion is that the virtual project working has a set of unique characteristics that in turn create new challenges for international management. The findings in the case of BankCo Inc. also suggest that a variety of issues affect cross-cultural virtual teams, but on closer inspection, only cultural differences impacting on fight and team elations, and time zones differences affecting coordination and communication, may be directly related with the temporal and geographical distance features of virtual teams. Lee-Kelley and Sankey (2008) highlight that the remaining factors, such as trust, technology, and communication are not unique to virtual teams, and can also be found in more conventional organisations. That being said, their presence should not be undermined, as it adds to the challenge found in t he virtual project setting. For instance, communication as a traditional team issue can be magnified by cultural kind and distance.Based on this discussion, I would consider the following as a set of best practices for the effective management of cross-cultural virtual teams impressive COMMUNICATION ? leading must ensure that a functional language is adopted in the virtual project setting, one that fits the level of form of the virtual team. ? The organisation must provide guidelines for communication and adequate train with the relevant communication tools. ? Equal access to information must be assured for all members of one team. ? Recognise that technology is an enablerSYNERGY ? elevate face-to-face encounters where possible, particularly at the beginning of the team existence. ? Good translation of roles. Leaders must clarify what is expected and what are the responsibilities of all team members and also ensure that members in one team are aware of each others responsibil ities. ? Set clear, measurable and achievable goals ? grant constructive feedback VIRTUALLY MINIMIZE TIME-ZONE DIFFERENCES ? Encourage the planning of schedules and tasks. ? Consider the supposition of 24h services. Ensure that all team members are aware of time-zone differences amongst fellow colleagues CULTURAL AWARENESS ? Understand the different backgrounds and distinct cultures of all team members. ? Leaders must be able to predict potential areas of conflict due to cultural differences and prevent them from happening. ? Foster one organisational culture that promotes listening skills, respect and patience among culturally diverse workers. ? Value diversity The early This project identified key areas for cross-cultural management and it represents a step towards more research regarding global virtual teams.Also it provides a more leaden understanding of the managerial implications in the virtual project setting. One can argue that the use of virtual teams contribute to a bo rderless world, however a new set of borders appears to emerge from this particular environment. One that is well distinct from other, more conventional multinational corporations. This project demonstrated that the durability and future of the virtual project setting relies heavily on both the organisational capabilities and the individuals, and moreover that organisations cannot depend solely on their members to attain the organisational goals.Future research is encouraged to address the unique challenges of such organisational design, and contrast the effective leadership styles when face-to-face contact is hardly present. References ? Alexander, S. (2000) Virtual Teams Going Global, InfoWorld, 22(46) 55-56. ? Ardichvili, A. , Maurer, M. , Li, W. , Wentling, T. &038 Stuedemann, R. (2006) Cultural influences on knowledge sharing through online communities of practice, Journal of Knowledge Management, 10 (1), pp. 94107 ? Cranford M. (1996) The social trajectory of virtual reality s ubstantive ethics in a world without constraints.Technol Soc 18(1)7992. ? Jarvenpaa, S, &038 Leidner, D (1999), Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams, Organization Science, 10, 6, pp. 791-815, ? Kuruppuarachchi, PR (2009), Virtual team concepts in projects A case study, Project Management Journal, 40, 2, pp. 19-33 ? Lee, M. R. (2009) E-ethical leadership for virtual project teams, global Journal of Project Management, 27 (5), pp. 456-463 ? Lee-Kelley, L, &038 Sankey, T (2008), Global virtual teams for value creation and project success A case study, International Journal Of Project Management, 26, 1, pp. 1-62 ? Mead, R. &038 Andrews, T. G. (2009) International management. 4th ed. Chichester, England John Wiley &038 Sons. ? Peters, L. M. , &038 Manz, C. C. (2007). Identifying antecedents of virtual team collaboration. Team Performance Management, 13(3/4), 117129. ? Rorive, B. et Xhauflair, V. ,(2004),What binds together virtual teams? Some answers from three case studies, in Reddy, S. (Ed. ), Virtual teams concepts and applications, India, ICFAI University wring, pp. 132-140. ? Symons, J. &038 Stenzel, C. 2007) Virtually borderless an examination of culture in virtual teaming, Journal of General Management, 32 (3), pp. 1-17 ? Hall, E. T. (1981), Beyond Culture, NY Anchor Press/Doubleday. ? Lipnack, J. and Stamps, J. (1999), Virtual Teams, Executive Excellence, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 14-15. ? Grosse, C (2002), Managing Communication within Virtual Intercultural Teams, Business Communication Quarterly, 65, 4, pp. 22-38 ? Mayer, R. C, Davis J. H. , Schoorman F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organization trust. Acad. Management Rev. 20 (3), pp. 709- 734 ? Hofstede G. 1980), Cultures Consequence International Dierences in Work-related Values, Beverly Hills Sage Publications. ? Gudykunst, W. B. 1997. Cultural variability in communication. Comm. Res. 24 (4) 327-348. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 OPENING CASE BANKCO INC. BankCo Inc. is a large consu mer bank that is unfeignedly global, with branches in more than 100 countries (Lee-Kelley and Sankey, 2008). By being present in distinct geographic areas (Africa, Europe and Middle East), this is a great example of a virtual organisation that faced unique challenges and more important, it includes all of the critical issues identified above.Team relations and communication were affected by both time zone and more important, cultural differences. Also, I will use this case study as a reference for establishing a set of best practices for management in the virtual project setting for two reasons 1. It incorporates cross-cultural management of geographically and culturally distant units. 2. The company achieved an outstanding level of success in terms of budget, time and value delivery.

Night World : The Chosen Chapter 9

How long since hed blank with humans?That had all stopped the day he stopped organism human himself. Not at the moment hed stopped beinghuman, though. At depression all his anger had been for hunting watch Redfern.Waking up from the inanimate was an experience you dont for shell. For Quinn, it happened in the Redferncabin on a husk mattress in front of the fire.He opened his look to see three fine-looking girls leaning everyplace him. Garnet, with her wine-colored hairshining in the scarlet light, Lily with her black hair and her eyes bid topaz, and fall, his own Dove, dark-brown-haired and gentle, with ardent love in her face.That was when Hunter informed him that hed been dead for three days.I told your nonplus youd g maven to Plymouth dont tell him some otherwise. And dont try to move yet youre excessively weak. Well bring in something soon and you can feed. He stood behind his daughters, his fortification or so them, all of them looking checkmate at Quinn. Be happ y. Youre one of us cleans bulletiner. except all Quinn matt-up was horror-and pain. When he put his thumbs to his teeth, he found the source of thepain. His canine teeth were as long as a ragingcats and they throbbed at the slightest touch.He was a monster. An unholy creature who undeniable blood to survive. Hunter Redfern had been tellingthe truth about his family, and hed changed Quinn into one of them. amok with fury, Quinn jumped up and tried to get his hands around Hunters throat.And Hunter upright laughed, fending off the attack easily. The next thing Quinn knew, he was running downthe blazed trail in the forest, heading for his produces house. Staggering and stumbling down the trail,rather. He was nigh too weak to walk.Then suddenly Dove was beside him. Little Dove who looked as if she couldnt outrun a flower. Shesteadied him, held him up, and tried to convince him to go defend. tho Quinn could tho come back of one thing acquire to his come. His father was a mini ster his father would receipt what to do. His father would help.And Dove, at last, agree to go with him.Later Quinn would realize that of course he should gift know better.They reached Quinns home. At that point, if Quinn was afraid of everything, it was that his father wouldntbelieve this wild story of bloodthirst and death. But one look at Quinns new teeth convinced his father of everything.He could recognize a d malevolent when he saw one, he said.And he knew his duty. Like every Puritans, it was to cast out sin and evil wherever he found it.With that, his father picked up a strike out from the fire-a good piece of seasoned pine-and then grabbedDove by the hair.It was around this time that the screaming started, the screaming Quinn would be able to hear invariablyafter if he listened. Dove was too gentle to put up much of a fight. And Quinn himself was too weak tosave her.He tried. He threw himself on top of Dove to shield her from the stake. He would al authoritys down the s caron his side to prove it. But the wood that nicked him perforate Dove to the heart. She died looking up athim, the light in her brown eyes going out.Then everything was confusion, with his father chasing him, crying, brandishing the bloody stake pulledfrom Doves body. It terminate when Hunter Red-fern appeared at the door with Lily and Garnet. Theytook Quinn and Dove home with them, while Quinns father went running to the neighbors for help. Heprecious help burning the Redfern cabin down.That was when Hunter said it, the thing that severed Quinns ties with his old world. He looked down athis dead daughter and said, She was too gentle to live in a world full of humans. Do you think you cando any better?And Quinn, dazed and starving, so frightened and full of horror that he couldnt talk, decided then that hewould. Humans were the enemy. No matter what he did, they would never accept him. He had becomesomething they could only hate-so he business leader as well become it thoroughl y.You see, you dont have a family anymore, Hunter mused. Unless its the Redferns.Since then, Quinn had pattern of himself only as a lamia.He shook his head, feeling clearer than he had for days.The girl had disturbed him. The girl in the cellar, the girl whose face he had never seen. For two daysafter that night, all he could think of was somehow finding her.What had happened between them well, he still didnt understand that. If she had been a witch, hedhave persuasion she bewitched him. But she was human. And shed do him doubt everything he knewabout humans.Shed awakened feelings that had been sleeping since Dove died in his arms.But now now he thought it was just as well he hadnt been able to find her. Because the cellar girlwasnt just human, she was a vampire hunter. Like his father. His father, who, wild-eyed and sobbing,had driven the stake through Doves heart.As always, Quinn matt-up himself losing his grip on sanity as he remembered it. What a compassionateness that hed have to kill the cellar girl the next time he saw her.But at that place was no help for it. Vampire hunters were worsened than the ordinary human vermin, who werejust stupid. Vampire hunters were the sin and the evil that had to be cast out. The Night World was theonly world.And I havent been to the dub in a week, Quinn thought, showing his teeth. He laughed out loud, astrange and brickle sound. Well, I guess Id better go tonight.Its all part of the immense dance, you see, he thought to the cellar girl, who of course couldnt hear him. Thedance of animation and death. The dance thats going on right this minute all over the world, in African savannasand Arctic snowfields and the bushes in Boston Common.Killing and eating. track down and dying. A spider snags a bluebottle fly a paired bear grabs a seal. Acoyote springs on a rabbit. Its the way the world has always been.Humans were part of it, too, except that they let debaclehouses do the killing for them and receivedtheir prey in the form of McDonalds hamburgers.There was an rescript to things. The dance requiredthat someone be the hunter and someone else be the hunted. With all those young girls longing to offerthemselves to the darkness, it would be cruel of Quinn non to provide a darkness to oblige them.They were all only contend their parts.Quinn headed for the floor show, laughing in a way that scared even him.The club was only a few streets forth from the warehouse, Rashel noted. frenetice sense. Everything aboutthis unconscious process had the stamp of efficiency, and she sensed Quinns hand in that.I wonder what hes acquire paid to provide the girls for sale? she thought. Shed heard that Quinn standardizeddmoney.Remember, once we get inside, you dont know me, she said to Daphne. Its safer for both of us that way. They might suspect something if they knew that prime(prenominal) you escaped and now youre turning up with astranger.Got it. Daphne looked excited and a little scared. Under her coat, she was wearing a slinky black topand a brief skirt, and her black-stockinged legs twinkled as she ran toward the club door.Under Rashels coat, hidden in the lining, was a knife. Like her sword, it was made of lignum vitae, thehardest wood on earth. The sheath had several raise secret compartments.It was the knife of a ninja, and Sensei, who had taught Rashel the martial arts, wouldnt have approvedat all. He wouldnt have approved of Rashelmade it in, too, her story must have passed inspection. That was a relief.Inside, the place looked like hell. Not a shambles. It literally looked like Hell. Hades. The Underworld.The lights turned it into a place of infernal fire and twisting purple shadows. The music was unearthly and dissonant and sounded to Rashel as if it were being played backward.She caught toss out of conversation as she walked across the floor. going out Dumpster diving later(prenominal) no money. So I gotta jack somebody told Mummy Idbe at the key-dub meeting You get a real cross branch here, she thought dryly.Everybody had one thing in commonalty, though they were young. Kids. The oldest looked about eighteen.The youngest-well, there were a few girls Rashel would put at twelve. She had an impulse to go backand insert something wooden into Ivan.A slow fire that had started in her toilet table when she first heard about the Crypt was burning hotter andhotter with everything she saw here. This entire place is a snare, a gigantic Venus flytrap, she thought asshe took off her coat and added it to a pile on the floor.But if she wanted to shut it down, she had to pose cool, stick to her plan. Standing by a cast-iron column,she scanned the room for vampires.And there, stand up with a little group that in-duded Daphne, was Quinn.It gave Rashel an odd shock to see him, and she wanted to look away. She couldnt. He was laughing,and somehow that caught hold of her like a fishhook. For a moment the morbid lighting of the roomseemed rainbow-colo red in the radiance drip by that laughter.Appalled, Rashel realized that her face had flushed and her heart was beating fast.I hate him, she thought, and this was true. She did hate him for what he was doing to her. He made herfeel unmoored and adrift. Confused. Helpless.She mute why those girls were clustered around him, longing to fling themselves into his darknesslike a bunch of virgin sacrifices jumping into a volcano. I mean, what else do you do with a guy like that?she thought.Kill him. It would be the only solution even if he werent a vampire, she decided with sudden psychopathiccheer. Because prolonged contact with that smile was obviously going to annihilate her.Rashel blinked rapidly, getting a grip on herself. All right. Concentrate on that, on the job to be done.She was going to have to kill him, but not now right now she had to get herself chosen.Walking carefully on her heels, she went over to join Quinns group.He didnt see her at first. He was set about Daphne and a couple of other girls, laughing frequently- toofrequently. He looked wild and a little feverishto Rashel. A sort of devilish Mad Hatter at an insane tea party. and I just felt so totally awful that I didnt get to meet you, Daphne was saying, and I just wish Iknew what happened, because it was just so seriously weirdShe was telling her story, Rashel realized. At least none of the people listening seemed openlysuspicious. I havent seen you here before, came a voice behind her.It belonged to a striking girl with dark hair, very pale skin, and eyes like gold or topaz or a hawks.Rashel froze, every muscle tensing, exhausting to keep her face expressionless.Another vampire.She was sure of it. The camellia-petal skin, the light in the eyes this must be the girl vampire whodbrought Daphne food in the warehouse.No, this is my first time, Rashel said, making her voice light and eager. My puddles Shelly. It wasclose enough to her own name that she would turn automatically if anyone said it.Im Lily. The girl said it without warmth, and those hawklike eyes keep to bore straight intoRashels.Rashel had to struggle to stay on her feet.Its Lily Redfern, she thought, working desperately to keep an idiot smile plastered on her face. I know itis. How many Lilys can there be whod be working with Quinn?Ive got a Redfern right here in front of me. Ive got Hunter Redferns daughter here.For an instant she was tempted to simply attain a dash for her knife. Killing a laurels like Lily seemedalmost worth giving up the enclave.But on the other hand, Hunter Redfern was a moderate sort of vampire, with a kitty of influence on theNight World Council. He helped keep other vampires in line. Striking at him through his daughter wouldjust make him mad, and then he might start listening to the Councilors who wanted to slaughter humans indroves.And Rashel would lose any hope of getting at the heart of the slave trade, where the real scum were.I hate politics, Rashel thought. But she wa s already beaming at Lily, prattling for all she was worth. Itwas my friend Marnie who told me about this place, and Im truly glad I came because its even betterthan I thought, and Ive got this poem I wrote-Really. Well, Im dying not to hear it, Lily said. Her hawklike eyes had lost interest. Her face was fillwith open contempt-shed dismissed Rashel as a hopeless fawning idiot. She walked away withoutglancing back.Two tests passed. One to go.Thats what I like about Lily. Shes just so absolutely cold, a girl beside Rashel said. She had wavybronze hair and bee-stung lips. Hi, Im Juanita, she added.And shes serious, Rashel thought as she introduced herself. Quinns group had noticed her at last, andthey all seemed to agree with Juanita. They were spellbound by Lilys cold personality, her lack of feeling.They saw it as strength. Yeah, because feeling hurts. mayhap I should worship her, too, Rashel thought. She was finding toomany things in common with these girls.Lily the ice princess, another girl murmured. Its like shes not even truly from earth at all. Its likeshes from another planet.Hold that thought, a new voice said, a crisp, laughing, slightly insane voice. The effect it had on Rashelwas remarkable. It made her back stiffen and sent tingles up her palms. It closed her throat.Okay, test fleck three, she thought, drawing on every ounce of discipline shed learned in the martialarts. Dont lose zanshin. Stay loose, stay frosty, and go with it. You can do this.She turned to meet Quinns eyes.